Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. But other factors would enter also. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking 1. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ 3. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. What is the Sacrifice Trap? This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. %PDF-1.5 Yet no one calls the police. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. JANIS, I.L. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". 0 Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. (The secretary had left the office.) (Boulding, 1969) According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. Hum. >> But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. soc. The participants were 71 male students in totality. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? Some have already been discussed. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. 47 14 3. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. From this point on they diverged somewhat. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. 1959. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. & KING, B.T. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. I hope you did enjoy it. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. An internet resource developed by He called it the Sacrifice Trap: These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. 47 0 obj Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. << Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). Their prediction provedcorrect. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? The said group served as the control group of the experiment. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Therefore the person's attitude changes. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views.
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